图源：视觉中国
正宗的俄罗斯列巴则要纯朴得多，用料很简单：面粉、酵母、水、盐。
据说，在过去的俄国农村，每个村庄通常只有一个面包炉，每家每户需要排队烘烤面包。平时，人们会在家里食用储存的面包。为了节省时间和精力，并且便于储存，面包通常会被制作成大型、坚硬的样式，需要切片食用。这种做法逐渐发展成了独特的技艺和风俗，经过长时间的演变，成为了当地特色文化的一部分。图源：视觉中国大多数俄罗斯黑麦面包（列巴）是用黑麦酸面团制作的，这使它们具有浓郁的味道。使用黑麦或粗麦（全粒黑麦）面粉会使面包具有标志性的味道和深色。由于黑麦中的蛋白质不如小麦面粉中的麸质强，所以黑麦面包往往具有密度大、耐嚼的特征。Most Russian rye breads are made from rye sourdough starters, which gives them that tangy flavor, and dark rye or pumpernickel (whole grain rye) flour, which gives both the typical flavor and the dark color. They tend to be dense and chewy because the protein in rye is not as strong as the gluten in wheat flour.如何优雅地吃“大列巴”？
黄油、奶酪或任何你喜欢的其他配料都可以用来食用俄罗斯黑面包（列巴）。You can serve Russian black bread with butter, cheese, or any other topping you like.因为面包本身味道浓郁，所以很多人喜欢不搭配太多辅料，品尝面包原有的风味。与意大利面、汤或其他任何肉类一起食用时，效果也非常好。It has a rich flavor to it, so many people prefer to eat it with as few additions as possible. It is excellent when served with pasta, soup, or any meat you choose.作为俄罗斯餐桌的主食，大列巴可以搭配哪些俄式菜肴呢？❶ 烤肉串（Shashlik）图源：东方IC俄罗斯烤肉香嫩多汁，诞生于十八世纪中叶。烤肉串可以是羊肉、牛肉、鸡肉或三文鱼串，通常就着面包和酸黄瓜吃。吃惯了切得很小块的肉串，俄罗斯大块头的烤肉串一定会让人体会到北方民族大口吃肉的酣畅淋漓。❷ 红菜汤/罗宋汤（Borscht）红菜汤是一道浓浓的杂菜汤，冷热皆宜。红菜汤，顾名思义多以甜红菜头为主料（所以汤色大多为红紫色），加入马铃薯、红萝卜、洋葱和牛肉块。俄罗斯人在喝红菜汤的时候通常会加入一勺酸奶增加风味。在点餐的时候要想好是否要加酸奶喔！据称，罗宋汤这一名称来自Russian soup的音译，源自早年上海的洋泾浜英语。罗宋汤一般有以下三种口味：鱼、肉和蘑菇。传统上，这道汤还加有腌酸黄瓜和盐水熬制。而“盐”正是这道菜的俄罗斯名字。最关键的一点是，这据说还是一道醒酒汤。无论是为球队庆功还是浇愁都用得上。❸ 鱼子酱（Caviar）图源：东方IC俄罗斯鱼子酱与鹅肝、松露并列为“西方三大珍馐美食”，传统上用取自鲟鱼的鱼卵制成。如今，用各种鱼卵制成的鱼子酱在世界各地都有销售，但最上等的鱼子酱，仍然来自里海和黑海产的三种鲟鱼。鱼子酱一般放入汤中或夹面包饼干吃，也可以单吃。不过，切记不要用银勺或金属勺，因为这些金属会破坏鱼子酱的鲜味。所以，吃鱼子酱时，记着把家里的骨质勺、天然兽角勺或贝壳勺拿出来。图源：视觉中国正因为“列巴”在俄罗斯餐桌的重要地位，它也构成了俄罗斯文化的一部分！在困难时期，俄罗斯黑面包实际上意味摆脱饥饿、获得生存。在纳粹围攻列宁格勒期间，居民们在近三年半的时间里几乎只吃黑面包和其他东西，最终存活了下来。在生活富足以及节庆时期，俄罗斯黑面包是财富和健康的象征。In times of trouble, Russian black bread has literally meant the difference between starvation and life itself. During the Nazi siege of Leningrad, residents ate black bread with hardly little else for almost three and a half years – and survived. In times of plenty and celebration, Russian black bread is a symbol of wealth and health.独特的餐饮文化，背后反映出俄罗斯丰富的物产和悠久的历史。如今，俄罗斯也是世界重要的农产品出口国。在“一带一路”倡议下，中俄农业合作也不断深化。Under the Belt and Road Initiative, the China-Russia agriculture cooperation has been strengthened.根据中国食品土畜进出口商会（CFNA）的数据，在过去10年里，中国从俄罗斯进口农产品的年复合增长率为10.7%，高于整体双边贸易的增长率。In the past 10 years, the compound annual growth rate of Chinese imports of agricultural products from Russia was 10.7 percent, which is higher than the growth rate of overall bilateral trade, according to the China Chamber of Commerce of Import & Export of Foodstuffs, Native Produce & Animal By-Products, or CFNA.业内人士说，肉类、大豆和小麦等产品在推动中俄贸易方面仍有增长潜力。Products such as meat, soybean and wheat have the potential to grow in terms of bilateral trade, industry insiders said.尽管与澳大利亚、巴西和阿根廷等其他国家相比，俄罗斯牛肉产品对中国的进口起步相对较晚，但中国已成为俄罗斯牛肉产品的最大市场。Although imports of Russian beef products to China started relatively later compared with other countries such as Australia, Brazil, and Argentina, China has become the largest market for Russian beef products.从2021年开始俄罗斯首批牛肉进入中国市场，到2022年牛肉出口量增长了235.7%。随着澳大利亚，巴西、阿根廷相继削减了牛肉出口量后，俄罗斯对华出口的牛肉崭露头角。并且根据专家预测，这一趋势至少在未来5年里仍将呈上升状态。Russian beef first entered the Chinese market in 2021, and by 2022, Russia’s beef exports to China increased by 235.7 percent. As Brazil, Argentina and Australia are seeing a decrease in their export volume of beef, there will be an increase in China-Russia meat trade volume in the next five years.除肉类贸易外，中俄大豆贸易也在快速增长。Apart from meat trade, the Sino-Russian soybean industry trade is also growing rapidly.中国每年进口约1亿吨大豆，大部分是来自美洲的转基因品种，只能用于制造食用油和动物饲料。China imports around 100 million tons of soybeans every year, mostly genetically modified, or GM, varieties from the Americas, which can only be used for making edible oil and animal feed.中国食品土畜进出口商会会长曹德荣指出中国市场对非转基因大豆有很大的需求，而来自俄罗斯的大豆就属于非转基因品种，可以用于食用。“Soybeans from Russia are of non-GM variety, and they can be used for human consumption,” said Cao Derong, chairman of the CFNA, noting the huge demand for non-GM soybeans in the Chinese market.你有哪些钟意的俄罗斯美食呢？不妨评论区分享一下吧！编辑：刘建乔 杨然来源：BBC 澎湃新闻 中国日报等China Daily精读计划来了！每天20分钟，带你学英语，看世界！
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